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Animal Voice - September 2008
Campaign newsletter of the Irish Council Against Blood Sports In This Issue:
01. Minister Gormley grants coursing licence
01. Minister Gormley grants coursing licence Thousands of hares will suffer the cruelties of coursing, thanks to the latest blood sports licence issued by Environment Minister, John Gormley. Despite compelling conservation reasons for the licence to be refused - as well as a pre-election promise by the Green Party that they would end blood sports in government - the licence was issued on Friday, 29th August. ICABS has expressed our extreme disappointment to Minister Gormley. The licence allows thousands of hares to be forcefully removed from the wild in nets. The creatures, which will have suffered the stress of being netted, handled by humans and transported in crates to coursing enclosures, will be kept in captivity for up to three months. During this time, they will be mercilessly used as lures for greyhounds. In one of several appeals to Minister Gormley, ICABS highlighted the injuries and deaths suffered by hares in the last season following the coursing licence he issued in 2007. We also flagged the conservation reasons for a licence refusal. We reminded the Minister of a report he himself issued in May (Status of EU Protected Habitats & Species in Ireland) which warned that the overall conservation status of the Irish Hare is "POOR". The reasons given included loss of habitat, increased urbanisation and hunting. We also highlighted how the coursers themselves have complained about a lack of hares. We cited a National Parks and Wildlife Service monitoring report which quoted one coursing official as admitting that "this particular year the most difficult ever to find and capture wild hares". He went on to tell the ranger that "more man-hours were spent this year looking for hares and yet the number caught was low...the hares are just not out on the land anymore." As part of our impassioned plea to the Minister to fulfil his duty to protect the Irish Hare, ICABS also emphasised Ireland's obligations in relation to the EU Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Fauna and Flora. We pointed to Article 14.1 of the Directive which states that any exploitation of a protected species must be "compatible with their being maintained at a favourable conservation status." We also reminded the Green Party Minister that coursing is now illegal in the UK and it has been stopped in Northern Ireland since 2004. Just last month, Minister Gormley's Northern counterpart, Minister Sammy Wilson, extended the ban on hare persecution there until at least March 2009. Minister Wilson's commendable move came amid fears for "the stability and sustainability of the hare population". ACTION ALERT Please register your disappointment at Minister John Gormley's decision to grant a licence for another season of hare coursing.
SAMPLE LETTER
Minister John Gormley Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government Custom House, Dublin 1.
Email: minister@environ.ie
02. Don't Allow Hare Netting: ICABS Appeal To Farmers The Irish Council Against Blood Sports has made an urgent appeal to farmers and other landowners to refuse permission to coursing clubs to net hares from their lands for use as live lures before greyhounds at enclosed coursing meetings. We make this plea to the farmers, who are the real custodians of Ireland's wildlife heritage, to over-ride the licence granted to the Irish Coursing Club by Minister for the Environment, John Gormley, to take thousands of hares from the wild. The power now rests with the farmers and landowners to refuse permission to coursers with nets entering their lands, and we urge them to use this power in the interests of the conservation of the Irish hare, and its protection from cruelty and abuse. Farmers are being asked to download and display copies of our new "Hare Sanctuary" poster which uses the slogan "No Coursing, No Netting, No Hunting". The poster can be downloaded from the Farmers section of our website at www.banbloodsports.com The fact that coursers have a licence from the Minister for the Environment doesn't give them the right to enter privately owned lands, and we call on farmers to exercise their absolute rights and keep these people out. Just last May, Minister Gormley himself issued a major report on the status of Ireland's wildlife and habitats, which warned that the conservation status of Irish hares was 'POOR'. It was also highlighted in a report obtained by ICABS under FOI that coursers complained of a lack of hares in the countryside. Despite this compelling evidence of the threat to the Irish hare, Minister Gormley went ahead and issued a licence for the netting and disturbance of up to 7,500 hares from the wild. The coursers will be out with their nets up and down the country during the coursing season (September 1st to February) and we ask farmers and landowners to be vigilant. We have no doubt that Irish farmers in the main value the presence of hares on their lands, and we earnestly appeal to them to use their rights and powers to protect the hare from the abuse that is live hare coursing. 03. Success: Foxhunting cut from documentary awards Filmbase and Setanta Sports have responded positively to an ICABS appeal for foxhunting to be dropped from a sports documentary competition. The “Sports Short Documentary Awards 2008” had been inviting submissions on the theme of foxhunting but after ICABS complained, the category was cut from the scheme. “We appeal to Filmbase and Setanta Sports to accept that since foxhunting is not a sport and that it involves horrendous animal cruelty, it is inappropriate to include it in the sports documentary awards,” ICABS stated in our appeal. Describing foxhunting as “an insult to sport”, we argued successfully that as it involves dozens of men and women on horseback along with a pack of hounds terrorising one small, defenceless creature, this unequal and mean-spirited set-up could never be considered a sport. In response, Alan Fitzpatrick, the Managing Director at Filmbase assured us that “it was never our intention to offend anyone by including foxhunting as a topic. Nor was it the intention of Setanta Sports or Filmbase to present an agenda that is pro-hunting or to promote foxhunting generally.” “Having considered the points raised in your email,” he added. “We have, in consultation with Setanta Sports, made the decision that foxhunting should be removed from the scheme.” ICABS has thanked Filmbase and Setanta for showing solidarity with our campaign and cutting foxhunting from its list of categories. The winning documentaries in the award scheme will be broadcast in January 2009 as part of Setanta Sports' new Sports Matters series. Please become a supporter of ICABS The Irish Council Against Blood Sports relies entirely on your generosity to continue our campaigning for an end to blood sport cruelty. Please become a supporter of ICABS today. Annual rates are just 15 Euro (Individual), 20 Euro (Family) and 8 Euro (Unwaged). Download a subscription form at www.banbloodsports.com/subsform.htm and send a cheque (made payable to the Irish Council Against Blood Sports) to ICABS, PO Box 88, Mullingar, Co Westmeath, Ireland. You can also become a supporter or make a donation by using your paypal account or credit card. Please visit www.banbloodsports.com and click on the "Shop" button. Thank you. 04. Hare coursing ban extended in Northern Ireland ICABS has welcomed the news that a ban on all forms of hare persecution has been extended in Northern Ireland. The North's Environment Minister, Sammy Wilson stated: "there is a need for continued temporary protection until there is greater assurance about the stability and sustainability of the population." According to a report on AOL News, the protection order in the North will prohibit "the killing, taking, sale or purchase of the threatened species" and will remain in place until March 2009. A ban on hare persecution has now been in force in Northern Ireland since 2004. 05. Add us as a friend on Bebo and MySpace Help highlight our campaign against blood sports. Please add us as a top friend on your MySpace or Bebo page and repost our regular bulletins. The addresses are www.myspace.com/banbloodsports and www.bebo.com/banbloodsports You can also catch up with all the latest campaign news at www.banbloodsports.com. Thank you. 06. Rally for animals in Dublin (October 5th) To co-incide with World Animal Week, Animal Rights Action Network is organising a peaceful rally for Dublin on October 5th, 2008. By attending this event, you can show your support for all the animals cruelly abused and killed in Ireland. The rally begins at 1.30pm sharp on Sunday, October 5th at the Garden of Remembrance (top of O’Connell Street), Dublin. More info at www.aran.ie 07. Glue Trap Alert in Donegal ICABS has been told that glue traps continue to be sold in County Donegal. We renew our appeal to you to please check your local hardware stores, discount shops, pet supply outlets and builder providers to identify the shops where these cruel and unlawful traps are being offered for sale. ICABS has brought the latest report to the attention of the NPWS and asked them to take urgent action. If you spot glue traps on sale, please notify us immediately. Thank you. 08. Hunters decline debate in Dublin newspaper A discussion about hunting went ahead in a popular Dublin newspaper despite hunters declining to take part. Publishing an ICABS presentation about why hunting should be banned, the editor of Dublin Informer acknowledged that "some of the pro-hunting organisations have taken a strategic decision not to engage anti-hunting campaigners in debate". ICABS congratulates the paper for refusing to allow the hunters to kill the debate. The full text of the debate can be read below or on the Dublin Informer Website - http://www.informer.ie Dublin’s Dilemma - Should hunting be banned? When the question of hunting is raised, emotions are raised too. The treatment of animals is an increasingly contentious issue in our society. The debate in Ireland has been influenced by the very bitter row over the banning of foxhunting in Britain. We were not able to arrange for someone to contribute to the 'no' side. It would have been unfair not to have published the 'yes' side in these circumstances. Here's two contributions to the debate.
Yes
The tranquillity of the countryside is shattered as a fox squeals out in agony. The blood-curdling cry signals the end to yet another hunt outing as a fox, with lolling tongue and bulging eyes, is knocked off its feet by a pack of hounds and disembowelled. This merciless abuse of our wildlife underlines why the government must act on the wishes of the majority and urgently outlaw this barbarity. The suffering is unrelenting in foxhunting but Irish hunts, of course, have no concern for the welfare of foxes. Instead, they boast about how they push the creatures beyond the limits of endurance. One proclaimed that a fox was persecuted for three hours and 10 minutes while another described "pushing a fox for 50 minutes in terrible driving rain before catching it". What happens to foxes that manage to find refuge underground must rank as some of the worst imaginable cruelty. A hunt terrier is unleashed and sent down into the hole where it viciously bites and claws the cowering creature into a corner. From above, shovels are used to uncover the bleeding prize. Hunters try to justify their pastime with claims that they're helping farmers but the idea of the fox as a threat to agriculture has long been dispelled. For example, both the Department of Agriculture and the National Parks and Wildlife Service agree that foxes play no significant role, if any, in lamb mortality. Thankfully, farmers are listening and realising that it's the hunters, not the foxes, that are the real culprits. One hunter admitted in the national media that hunts "gallop like cavalries over rain-sodden fields" and leave them "looking like venues of epic battles". Familiar devastation to farmers. Weary of livestock being scattered, fences being broken and pastures left pockmarked beyond recognition, they are increasingly joining the calls for hunting to be banned. Foxhunting is just one of several blood sports that the Irish Council Against Blood Sports is campaigning against. Among the others are hare hunting and deer hunting. During deer hunting, the deer frantically tries to outrun the horseback hunters and hounds. It crashes through hedges, across roads and even into ponds and rivers. According to official monitoring reports obtained by us under the Freedom of Information Act, the victims include deer dying of aneurisms, a deer drowned in a quarry, a deer that died after sustaining fractured ribs, a deer hanging by its front leg on barbed wire and a deer that dropped dead after trying to escape over an 8ft wall. Similarly, hare hunting and hare coursing have their countless casualties. Not only because of the cruelty should they be banned but also due to continuing concerns about the future of the species. The latest alarm bells were heard in May when the "Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland" report warned that the overall conservation status of the Irish Hare is "poor" and that "factors likely to reduce hare numbers locally include hunting." For the foxes, hares and deer persecuted by hunters, there may be hope. A new Animal Health & Welfare Bill is currently being drafted by the Department of Agriculture and one of its stated intentions is to prohibit "potentially cruel activities involving animals". As hunting subjects animals to the most horrendous cruelty, we fervently hope that this legislation will finally bring the long overdue ban on blood sports that Ireland's compassionate majority are awaiting.
In time
The fact that I'm writing this article says a lot about the state of the hunting debate in this country. I couldn't find anybody to write the 'no' side. This is because some of the pro-hunting organisations have taken a strategic decision not to engage anti-hunting campaigners in debate. While this is not good for newspapers like us, I think they are probably making a wise decision. At the moment hunting is allowed. Any raising of the issue will only bring forward the day when hunting will not be allowed. It's a reverse of the old adage about all publicity being good. From the hunter's point of view, they would be better keeping a low profile. And the main reason for this is that the course of history is against them. We live in an increasingly urbanised society. We live in a society where food generally comes wrapped and marketed to suburban tastes. The majority of urban people experience animal (live animals) as pets. They don't like the idea of cruelty. I come from a farming background and I have shot a lot of animals when I was younger. However, I can see that there is an ethical problem with killing animals for fun. I don't think it's going to last. As Bob Dylan pointed out - you don't need to be a weatherman to see which way the wind is blowing. However, if we ban hunting we will eventually have to face some deeper issues to do with our relationships with animals. Killing animals for fun may be unethical but it isn't necessarily cruel. You could creep up on a rabbit, for example, and kill him before he experienced fear. I have done it many times. Would that be cruel? Would you be happy with that? It seems to me that this is also cruel. And if that is so, then raising and killing animals for food is also unethical, even if the animals are treated humanely. Many vegetarians believe this. The fundamental question is: are animals our equals? Is it right to kill any other living creatures at all? Meat eating in our society is cultural. As I understand it, humans don't need to eat meat. You can live without it. So when somebody goes out to dinner and has a steak, they are eating for leisure. The animal that has been killed has been killed for their leisure time. Isn't that killing for sport? This sounds extreme but it is a logical extension of our desire to feel empathy with our fellow creatures. Many people have travelled down this road and wonder whether it's right to eat fish. About whether it's right to exploit cows for milk. What about people swotting flies? It raises genuine moral dilemmas for people who care deeply for the rights of animals. It can be a bit of a headwrecker. For now the question is political. If majority opinion is against hunting then eventually it will be banned. We live in an authoritarian society as shown by the smoking ban, the hysterical campaign against drink driving and the vicious repression against those who decide to smoke dope. And the hunters don't have many good arguments. Tradition could be used to justify all kinds of wickedness. The fact that the community gets together to hunt is good but it could get together for something else. The fact that people enjoy it is almost counter-productive. On balance, hunting should probably come to an end sometime in the future. Nobody argues against the ban on dog fighting. It's not a simple case of personal liberty as there are other creatures in the equation. There are alternatives. But I'm not sure that broader society is willing to face up to the ethical consequences. 09. Limerick TD criticised for outrageous coursing claim ICABS has criticised a Limerick TD for claiming that coursers care about the welfare of hares. We issued the following statement in response to Deputy Niall Collins' absurd comments... Deputy Niall Collins' suggestion that coursers want a netting licence as soon as possible to ensure "the best possible care for the hares" (Limerick Leader, 23 August 2008) is an insult to the intelligence of the people of Limerick who want this despicable blood sport banned. There is overwhelming evidence to demonstrate the utter outrageousness of the Limerick West TD's statement. Reports from National Parks and Wildlife Service (obtained by ICABS under Freedom of Information) confirm that coursers have nothing but contempt for the welfare of hares. Among the countless incidents of cruelty are a hare "squealing in distress" after being caught by a muzzled dog, a hare "bleeding from its hind leg", a hare with a broken femur, stressed hares "crying out while being handled", pregnant hares being captured and forced to run for their lives and a hare in agony in a coursing enclosure with its leg "almost completely broken off". While observing a coursing meeting in Glin some years ago, I witnessed first-hand the cruelty of coursing on Deputy Collins' doorstep. Hares were mauled into the ground and hit so hard that their fragile bodies were sent somersaulting (such hits often leave hares suffering with broken bones and other internal injuries). There was also another victim - a greyhound chasing a hare suddenly yelped pitifully and collapsed onto the grass with a broken leg before being lifted away out of sight. During this same club's meeting last October, eight of the hares they cruelly snatched from the wild subsequently died. Post mortems revealed haemorrhagic enteritis and lung congestion. The Irish Council Against Blood Sports urges the decent majority of Limerick citizens who abhor animal cruelty and who value the hare as an important part of our wildlife heritage to please join our calls on Minister Gormley to spare the hare the suffering of coursing and firmly refuse the netting licence. The Minister can be reached at minister@environ.ie or 01 888 2403.
10. Register your opposition to "Toro de la Vega" barbarity
Every September in the Spanish city of Tordesillas, a bull is chased by a horde of locals who persecute the animal and impale it with spears. The bull is stabbed until it eventually dies from its injuries. Please register your opposition to this appalling Toro de la Vega event. Contact the City Hall of Tordesillas who shamefully allow it to take place. Please send a protest letter to:
11. Ongoing action alert - Demand ban on foxhunting Foxhunting is one of Ireland's most cruel and inhumane activities. Foxes are chased to exhaustion and ripped apart by packs of hounds. If they manage to find refuge underground during a hunt, terriers are sent after them to viciously drag them back out into the open. If a domestic animal was abused the same way that foxes are abused by foxhunts, it would be a criminal offence. Opinion polls have shown that a majority of Irish people want foxhunting made illegal. Please make your voice heard. Call on Agriculture Minister, Brendan Smith, to ensure that foxhunting is banned under the new Animal Health and Welfare Bill.
SAMPLE LETTER 1
Minister Brendan Smith
Email: minister@agriculture.gov.ie
Dear Minister Smith, I am one of the majority of Irish people who want foxhunting banned. Please ensure that the Animal Health and Welfare Bill prohibits the chasing of foxes with packs of hounds and the associated foxhunting cruelty of terrierwork, digging out and earthstopping. Foxhunting is an abhorrent assault on our wildlife heritage and a complete ban is long overdue. Thank you. I look forward to your response. Yours sincerely, [Name/Location]
SAMPLE LETTER 2
Minister John Gormley
Dear Minister Gormley, I am writing to appeal to you to amend the Wildlife Act so that foxes are protected from the terrible cruelty of foxhunting. Foxhunting is one of Ireland's worst blood sports; it is totally unacceptable that our wildlife legislation is failing to save foxes from the horrific injuries and deaths they suffer during hunts. Thank you. I look forward to your positive reply. Yours sincerely, [Name/Location] Appeal to all Irish politicians Please join us in telling the Irish Government that it is now time to replace foxhunting with the humane alternative - drag hunting. Drag hunting sees the hounds chasing a scent which is artificially laid across the countryside. This form of "hunting" is already practised successfully by a few groups in Ireland. In a modern and civilised country like Ireland, there should be no place for foxhunting, particularly when a transition to drag hunting would be simple. Write to your TD at: Dáil Éireann, Leinster House, Kildare Street, Dublin 2. Tel: 01-618 3000 or 1890 337 889. Write to your Senator at: Seanad Eireann, Leinster House, Kildare Street, Dublin 2. Tel: 01-618 3000 or 1890 732 623. For the names and contact details of politicians, please visit www.oireachtas.ie/members-hist/. 12. Ongoing action alert - Ask Minister Gormley to ban mink hunting The status of the otter species is "poor" according to the "Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland" report published by the Department of the Environment in May 2008. According to a National Parks and Wildlife Service survey in 2006, otters have declined by 18 per cent in the past 25 years and numbers are continuing to fall. It is clear that urgent action must be taken to help halt the decline in the otter population. It is imperative that this includes a ban on mink hunting, a blood sport which is not only cruel to mink but also results in huge disturbances to the otters which inhabit the same stretches of rivers. Thanks to years of lobbying by ICABS and an EU Directive, otter hunting is now illegal in Ireland. However, to circumvent the ban, otter hunters simply started hunting mink instead. We have always maintained that since mink and otters inhabit the same stretches of river, any form of hunting will significantly disturb the now protected otter. Please contact Minister John Gormley and ask him to urgently bring mink hunting to an end as a way to help halt the decline in otter numbers.
SAMPLE LETTER
Minister John Gormley
Dear Minister Gormley, I was dismayed to learn from the recently published "Status of EU Protected Habitats and Species in Ireland" report that the conservation status of the otter is "poor". A survey carried out by the NPWS division of your department has previously found that otters have declined by 18 per cent and are continuing to decline. I urge you to ensure that this precious species is given every possible protection. This protection must include a ban on mink hunting. With otters and mink inhabiting the same stretches of river, mink hunting is a significant threat to the otter species and its habitat. The disturbance caused by hunters on riverbanks and in the water can be clearly seen in an Irish Council Against Blood Sports presentation at www.youtube.com/icabs As someone who opposes the cruelty of mink hunting and wants the otter's future safeguarded, I urge you, Minister, to bring mink hunting to an end in Ireland. Thank you. I look forward to your positive response. Yours sincerely, [Name/Location] 13. Ongoing action alert - Demand end to cruel badger snaring Tens of thousands of badgers (a "protected" species in Ireland) have been cruelly snared and killed by the Department of Agriculture to-date. The assault on the badger species is part of their so-called TB Eradication Scheme, a failed and discredited operation that has been described as "slaughter masquerading as science".
Please appeal to Agriculture Minister, Brendan Smith, to show compassion and suspend the cruel badger snaring operation. Remind the Minister that the badger is a protected species in Ireland and that the Protection of Animals Act, for which he is responsible, makes it an offence to cause unnecessary suffering to an animal. Tell him that a recent report stated that "badger culling apparently has the capacity to increase badger-to-badger transmission of infection, potentially undermining anticipated reductions in badger-to-cattle transmission."
SAMPLE LETTER
Minister Brendan Smith
Please write to the Minister for the Environment and the National Parks and Wildlife Service. Remind them that the Wildlife Act, for which they are responsible, lists the badger as a protected species. Demand that they stop licensing the snaring and killing of thousands of badgers as part of a cruel and discredited TB eradication scheme.
Minister John Gormley
* Dr Ciaran O'Keeffe
Dear Sirs, I wish to register my outrage that tens of thousands of badgers have been cruelly snared and killed by the Department of Agriculture in recent years. There is absolutely no justification for using these cruel snares which cause terrible stress and suffering to badgers. When caught, the badgers struggle frantically throughout the night to escape before being shot to death by a Department of Agriculture employee. This failed approach to eradicating bovine TB has been described as "slaughter masquerading as science" and it's not difficult to understand why. Tackling the disease should focus fully on developing a bovine TB vaccine (as is being done in the UK) and not using defenceless badgers as scapegoats. The badger is a protected species under the Wildlife Act and should be given the protection it is entitled to. Thank you. I look forward to your positive response. Yours sincerely, [Name/Location] 14. Ongoing action alert - Urge Minister Gormley to refuse deerhunt licence Over the coming weeks, Minister John Gormley will be making a decision on the granting of a licence to the Ward Union carted deer hunt. Carted deer hunting is a cruel "sport" which causes horrific suffering to defenceless red deer. According to official monitoring reports obtained by ICABS under the Freedom of Information Act, the victims include deer dying of aneurisms, a deer drowned in a quarry, a deer that died after sustaining fractured ribs, a deer hanging by its front leg on barbed wire and a deer that dropped dead after trying to escape over an 8ft wall. Please join us now in urging Minister Gormley to refuse a licence for this cruel activity.
SAMPLE LETTER
Minister John Gormley
Dear Minister Gormley, I am writing to urge you to refuse a licence to the Ward Union hunt for carted deer hunting activities. The captive bred, domesticated deer used by the hunt are protected animals under the Protection of Animals Act and may not be legally hounded by hunters. It is contrary to existing legislation to licence the activities of this hunt. As a Green Party Minister opposed to blood sports, I trust that you will do whatever it takes to prevent the Ward Union from resuming their terrorisation of deer. Your decision to refuse a licence will be widely welcomed, not only by the majority of locals in County Meath who want this hunt stopped but also by the compassionate majority across Ireland who abhor animal cruelty. Thank you. I look forward to your response. Yours sincerely, [Name/Location] Please become a supporter of ICABS The Irish Council Against Blood Sports relies entirely on your generosity to continue our campaigning for an end to blood sport cruelty. Please become a supporter of ICABS today. Annual rates are just 15 Euro (Individual), 20 Euro (Family) and 8 Euro (Unwaged). Download a subscription form at www.banbloodsports.com/subsform.htm and send a cheque (made payable to the Irish Council Against Blood Sports) to ICABS, PO Box 88, Mullingar, Co Westmeath, Ireland. You can also become a supporter or make a donation by using your paypal account or credit card. Please visit www.banbloodsports.com and click on the "Shop" button. Thank you. Fund an ICABS campaign postcard Campaign postcards are an important part of our campaign to highlight cruelty and call for change. Please consider funding an ICABS postcard. The printing costs for a postcard are approximately 150 Euro. ICABS postcards are made available on demand to individuals and animal welfare groups. If you are interested in funding a postcard, please contact us for further details. Thank you. ICABS Campaign Text Alerts Sign up for the Irish Council Against Blood Sports' Campaign Text Alerts service and receive occasional campaign updates to your mobile phone. To subscribe to this free service, simply text the word GO to our textline on 086-0386617. If, after subscribing, you wish to unsubscribe at any stage, simply text the word STOP to the same number. Your number will not be passed on to anyone else. Tune in to the ICABS Channel Footage of blood sport cruelty and the humane alternatives can be viewed on the ICABS Channel on Youtube - www.youtube.com/icabs or by clicking on "Videos" at www.banbloodsports.com Please ask your local TD/Senator to view our videos and back a blood sports ban. Animal Voice - subscribe Help us to highlight our campaigns to even more people. If you have friends who would like to receive "Animal Voice", please ask them to send an email to info [AT] banbloodsports.com with "Animal Voice - Subscribe" in the subject line.
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